From there, the students of an academy-in-exile could have survived into the 9th century, long enough to facilitate the Arabic revival of the Neoplatonist commentary tradition in Baghdad. After his exile, Simplicius (and perhaps some others), may have travelled to Harran, near Edessa. It has been speculated that Akademia did not altogether disappear. One of the last leading figures of this group was Simplicius, a pupil of Damascius, the last head of the Athenian school. After a peace treaty between the Persian and the Byzantine empire in 532 guaranteed their personal security (an early document in the history of freedom of religion), some members found sanctuary in the pagan stronghold of Harran, near Edessa. According to the sole witness, the historian Agathias, its remaining members looked for protection under the rule of Sassanid king Khosrau I in his capital at Ctesiphon, carrying with them precious scrolls of literature and philosophy, and to a lesser degree of science. The emperor Justinian ceased the school's funding in AD 529, a date that is often cited as the end of Antiquity. The last "Greek" philosophers of the revived Akademia in the 6th century were drawn from various parts of the Hellenistic cultural world and suggest the broad syncretism of the common culture (see koine): Five of the seven Akademia philosophers mentioned by Agathias were Syriac in their cultural origin: Hermias and Diogenes (both from Phoenicia), Isidorus of Gaza, Damascius of Syria, Iamblichus of Coele-Syria and perhaps even Simplicius of Cilicia. However, there cannot have actually been any geographical, institutional, economic or personal continuity with the original Academy in the new organizational entity. Neoplatonic Academy of Late Antiquity įurther information: End of Hellenic ReligionĪfter a lapse during the early Roman occupation, Akademia was refounded as a new institution of some outstanding Platonists of late antiquity who called themselves "successors" ( diadochoi, but of Plato) and presented themselves as an uninterrupted tradition reaching back to Plato. Other notable members of Akademia include Aristotle, Heraclides Ponticus, Eudoxus of Cnidus, Philip of Opus, Crantor, and Antiochus of Ascalon. Later scholarchs include Lacydes of Cyrene, Carneades, Clitomachus, and Philo of Larissa ("the last undisputed head of the Academy"). Plato's immediate successors as "scholarch" of Akademia were Speusippus (347–339 BC), Xenocrates (339–314 BC), Polemon (314–269 BC), Crates ( c. The site of Akademia was sacred to Athena and other immortals. The archaic name for the site was Hekademia, which by classical times evolved into Akademia and was explained, at least as early as the beginning of the 6th century BC, by linking it to an Athenian hero, a legendary " Akademos". Origins Original Academy īefore Akademia was a school, and even before Cimon enclosed its precincts with a wall, it contained a sacred grove of olive trees dedicated to Athena, the goddess of wisdom, outside the city walls of ancient Athens. In the 17th century, British, Italian and French scholars used the term to describe types of institutions of higher learning. Plato developed his sessions into a method of teaching philosophy and in 387 BC, established what is known today as the Old Academy.īy extension, academia has come to mean the cultural accumulation of knowledge, its development and transmission across generations as well as its practitioners and transmitters. In these gardens, the philosopher Plato conversed with followers. The sacred space, dedicated to the goddess of wisdom, Athena, had formerly been an olive grove, hence the expression "the groves of Academe". Outside the city walls of Athens, the gymnasium was made famous by Plato as a center of learning. The word comes from the Academy in ancient Greece, which derives from the Athenian hero, Akademos.
4.2 16th-century literary-aesthetic academies.
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